IDOR Penetration Testing Patterns
当对 Web 应用进行 IDOR 渗透测试时加载此 Skill。覆盖水平越权、API 对象级授权缺失等。
Attack Surface Discovery
高风险端点特征：
- 包含数字 ID 的 API 路径：
/api/users/123、/orders/456
- 查询参数中的对象引用：
?user_id=123、?account_id=456
- GraphQL 查询中的 ID 参数
- 文件下载/导出：
/download?file_id=789
- 用户间交互功能：消息、订单、报告查看
- 管理功能：用户管理、数据修改接口
识别信号：
- 响应中包含顺序递增的 ID（
id: 1001, 1002, 1003）
- API 文档中暴露的对象关系
- 多步操作中某步缺少所有权验证
- 不同 HTTP 方法对同一资源的授权不一致
Exploitation Techniques
基础测试方法：
- 创建两个测试账户（Account A 和 Account B）
- 用 Account A 创建资源，记录资源 ID
- 用 Account B 尝试访问/修改 Account A 的资源
- 比较响应：200 OK = IDOR 存在
参数篡改：
# 替换 ID 值
GET /api/users/1001/profile → GET /api/users/1002/profile
# 批量替换（Burp Intruder）
GET /api/orders/$ID$ → 遍历 1-10000
# 修改请求体中的 ID
POST /api/transfer {"from_account": "mine", "to_account": "mine"}
→ {"from_account": "victim", "to_account": "mine"}
HTTP 方法切换：
- GET 被拒绝时尝试 POST、PUT、PATCH、DELETE
- 某些框架对不同方法的授权检查不一致
X-HTTP-Method-Override: DELETE 头绕过方法限制
GraphQL IDOR：
# 查询其他用户的私密数据
query { user(id: "other-user-id") { email, phone, address } }
# Mutation 修改其他用户数据
mutation { deleteProfileImages(userId: "other-user-id") { success } }
高级技巧：
- ID 类型混淆：数字 ID → UUID → 用户名 → 邮箱
- 嵌套 IDOR：
/org/123/users/456（先遍历 org ID 再遍历 user ID）
- 批量操作端点：
/api/bulk-delete 中混入其他用户的 ID
- 订阅/取消端点：修改
member_id 参数接管其他用户的关联
- UUID 预测：检查 UUID v1（包含时间戳和 MAC 地址，可能可预测）vs UUID v4（随机）
- Mass Assignment：
POST /api/users {"name":"test","role":"admin"} 通过额外字段修改权限
OWASP API Security 参考：
- BOLA (Broken Object Level Authorization) = OWASP API Security Top 10 #1
- 关注点：每个 API 端点的每个对象访问都需要授权检查，不仅仅是端点级别
Detection Checklist
Impact Assessment
漏洞利用可达到的效果：
- 数据泄露：访问其他用户的个人信息、订单、消息等
- 数据篡改：修改或删除其他用户的资源
- 账户接管：通过修改关联信息接管其他账户
- 金融损失：取消他人订单、修改价格、转移资金
- 隐私侵犯：大规模遍历获取所有用户数据
严重度判断：
- Critical：可导致账户接管、可访问/修改敏感财务数据、可批量泄露 PII
- High：可读取其他用户的私密数据、可删除其他用户的资源
- Medium：仅可访问低敏感度信息、需要额外条件才能利用
Real-World Cases
以下案例来自 HackerOne 公开披露的真实漏洞报告，展示了该类漏洞在实际目标中的表现形式。
Case 1: HackerOne — Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) Allows Viewing Private Report Details via /bugs.json Endpoint
- 严重度: Critical | CWE: Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR)
- 摘要: The Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) vulnerability allowed viewing private report details through the /bugs.json endpoint. Any private reports could be accessed by sending a POST request to the...
- 报告: https://hackerone.com/reports/2487889
Case 2: HackerOne — Attachment disclosure via summary report
- 严重度: Critical | CWE: Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR)
- 摘要: A critical vulnerability was discovered in the HackerOne platform that allowed an attacker to gain unauthorized access to attachments belonging to other users through the report summary editing functi...
- 报告: https://hackerone.com/reports/2442008
Case 3: IBM — Insecure Direct Object Reference Protection bypass by changing HTTP method in IBM Your Learning endpoint.
- 严重度: Critical | CWE: Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR)
- 摘要: The Insecure Direct Object Reference vulnerability in the IBM Your Learning endpoint was reported, analyzed, and remediated. The vulnerability allowed bypassing the protection by changing the HTTP met...
- 报告: https://hackerone.com/reports/2456603
Case 4: MTN Group — IDOR at mtnmobad.mtnbusiness.com.ng leads to PII leakage.
- 严重度: Critical | CWE: Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR)
- 摘要: The IDOR vulnerability at mtnmobad.mtnbusiness.com.ng allowed the personal information of users, such as their phone numbers and account details, to be accessed by an attacker who knew the user's emai...
- 报告: https://hackerone.com/reports/1773609
Case 5: Mars — █████████ when adding branches to your account
- 严重度: Critical | CWE: Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR)
- 摘要: A vulnerability was identified in the branch addition functionality of the Royal Canin specialized channel website. The issue was classified as an Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) vulnerability...
- 报告: https://hackerone.com/reports/2756402
Case 6: Mars — IDOR to account takeover on POST to █████████ by changing member_id parameter
- 严重度: Critical | CWE: Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR)
- 摘要: Website endpoint was vulnerable to account takeover by changing member ID parameter.
- 报告: https://hackerone.com/reports/2132183
Case 7: MercadoLibre — Sale cancellations from other sellers without restrictions
- 严重度: Critical | CWE: Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR)
- 摘要: The summary is as follows:
A vulnerability was reported that allowed sale cancellations from other sellers without restrictions. The issue was acknowledged and addressed by MercadoLibre.
Case 8: Semrush — IDOR vulnerability reveals additional information
- 严重度: Critical | CWE: Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR)
- 摘要: An issue was identified in the Content Outline Builder product. Changing a user ID in a GraphQL request could reveal additional information about users. A subsequent internal review revealed no eviden...
- 报告: https://hackerone.com/reports/1770858
Case 9: lemlist — Authentication Bypass in Subscription Management Endpoint
- 严重度: Critical | CWE: Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR)
- 摘要: A vulnerability was identified in the subscription management functionality that allowed unauthorized access to customer billing information. The issue stemmed from insufficient authentication and aut...
- 报告: https://hackerone.com/reports/3417162
Case 10: Autodesk — Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) in GraphQL deleteProfileImages Mutation
- 严重度: High | CWE: Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR)
- 摘要: The Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) vulnerability was discovered in the GraphQL deleteProfileImages mutation of the Autodesk User Profile. The vulnerability could have allowed an attacker to d...
- 报告: https://hackerone.com/reports/2968039