testing

Dart & Flutter Testing

Testing fundamentals for Dart and Flutter projects — unit tests, widget tests, and golden file tests — using package:test, package:flutter_test, package:mocktail, and package:bloc_test.

Core Standards

Apply these standards to ALL test work:

• Descriptive test names — verbose, readable names that describe the behavior; never 'works' or 'renders'
• Hierarchical group/test structure that reads as natural sentences — top-level group for the class, nested group for the method, test for the behavior (e.g., UserRepository → getUser → returns User when API succeeds)
• String interpolation for type references — use 'returns $User' not 'returns User' so renames propagate automatically
• Private mocks per file — declare class _MockX extends Mock implements X {} with underscore prefix to prevent cross-file coupling
• Contained test setup within groups — all setUp/tearDown calls live inside a group, never at the top level of main()
• Initialize mutable objects in setUp() with late — declare late MyDep dep; then assign in setUp so each test gets a fresh instance
• No shared mutable state between tests — never use static members, global variables, or top-level final instances that persist across tests
• Use package:mocktail — never package:mockito
• Constant test tags — use an abstract class TestTag with static const fields; never pass raw string literals as tags
• Test behavior, not properties — widget tests focus on functional outcomes; static visual properties validated via golden tests
• Use pumpApp test helper — wrap widgets via shared helper in test/helpers/pump_app.dart; never inline pumpWidget(MaterialApp(...))
• Tag all golden tests — annotate with TestTag.golden so goldens can run/update independently
• Pass directory to the test MCP tool when the project is not at the workspace root — monorepos with the Flutter project in a subdirectory (e.g. mobile/) require directory: 'mobile'; omit it only when pubspec.yaml is at the workspace root

Test Structure

File Organization

Convention	Rule
File suffix	Every test file ends with _test.dart
Directory	All tests live under test/
Mirror structure	test/ mirrors lib/ exactly — lib/src/models/user.dart → test/src/models/user_test.dart
Helpers	Shared test utilities go in test/helpers/ (e.g., pump_app.dart, fakes.dart)

Group and Test Hierarchy

Structure groups so that concatenated descriptions read as natural sentences. Use PascalCase type references in the top-level group.

import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart';
import 'package:mocktail/mocktail.dart';

import 'package:my_app/user_repository.dart';

class _MockApiClient extends Mock implements ApiClient {}

void main() {
  group(UserRepository, () {
    late ApiClient apiClient;
    late UserRepository subject;

    setUp(() {
      apiClient = _MockApiClient();
      subject = UserRepository(apiClient: apiClient);
    });

    group('getUser', () {
      test('returns $User when API call succeeds', () async {
        when(() => apiClient.fetchUser(any()))
            .thenAnswer((_) async => User(id: '1', name: 'Dash'));

        final result = await subject.getUser('1');

        expect(result, equals(User(id: '1', name: 'Dash')));
        verify(() => apiClient.fetchUser('1')).called(1);
      });

      test('throws $UserNotFoundException when API returns 404', () {
        when(() => apiClient.fetchUser(any()))
            .thenThrow(ApiException(statusCode: 404));

        expect(
          () => subject.getUser('1'),
          throwsA(isA<UserNotFoundException>()),
        );
      });
    });

    group('deleteUser', () {
      test('calls apiClient.deleteUser with correct id', () async {
        when(() => apiClient.deleteUser(any()))
            .thenAnswer((_) async {});

        await subject.deleteUser('1');

        verify(() => apiClient.deleteUser('1')).called(1);
      });
    });
  });
}

Naming Conventions

Pattern	Example
Returns a value	'returns $User when API call succeeds'
Throws an exception	'throws $UserNotFoundException when user is not found'
Calls a dependency	'calls apiClient.deleteUser with correct id'
Emits states	'emits [loading, success] when data is fetched'
Conditional behavior	'returns cached value when cache is not expired'
Edge case	'returns empty list when repository has no items'

Lifecycle Methods

Method	Runs	Use for
setUp	Before each test	Creating fresh mocks, instantiating the subject under test
tearDown	After each test	Closing streams, resetting singletons, disposing controllers
setUpAll	Once before all tests in the group	Registering fallback values, expensive one-time initialization
tearDownAll	Once after all tests in the group	Releasing shared resources (e.g., database connections)

Correct setUp Pattern

Always use late + setUp inside a group for mutable dependencies:

group(AuthService, () {
  late AuthRepository authRepository;
  late TokenStorage tokenStorage;
  late AuthService subject;

  setUp(() {
    authRepository = _MockAuthRepository();
    tokenStorage = _MockTokenStorage();
    subject = AuthService(
      authRepository: authRepository,
      tokenStorage: tokenStorage,
    );
  });

  test('authenticates with valid credentials', () async {
    when(() => authRepository.signIn(any(), any()))
        .thenAnswer((_) async => Token('abc'));
    when(() => tokenStorage.save(any()))
        .thenAnswer((_) async {});

    await subject.signIn('user', 'pass');

    verify(() => tokenStorage.save(Token('abc'))).called(1);
  });
});

setUpAll vs setUp

Use setUpAll for expensive, immutable setup — most commonly registerFallbackValue:

group(OrderRepository, () {
  late ApiClient apiClient;

  setUpAll(() {
    registerFallbackValue(Order(id: '', items: const []));
    registerFallbackValue(Uri());
  });

  setUp(() {
    apiClient = _MockApiClient();
  });

  // tests...
});

registerFallbackValue only needs to run once because it registers a type globally for any() matchers.

Mocking with Mocktail

Creating Mocks

Declare mocks as private classes at the bottom of the test file (or top, before main):

class _MockUserRepository extends Mock implements UserRepository {}

class _MockAnalyticsClient extends Mock implements AnalyticsClient {}

class _FakeUser extends Fake implements User {}

Use Fake when you need a concrete implementation that throws on unimplemented methods rather than returning null.

Stubbing Methods

Method	Use for	Example
thenReturn	Synchronous return values	when(() => mock.name).thenReturn('Dash');
thenAnswer	Async / Future / Stream returns	when(() => mock.fetch()).thenAnswer((_) async => data);
thenThrow	Throwing exceptions	when(() => mock.fetch()).thenThrow(Exception('fail'));

For streams:

when(() => mock.updates).thenAnswer((_) => Stream.fromIterable([1, 2, 3]));

Argument Matchers

Matcher	Purpose	Example
any()	Matches any value (requires registerFallbackValue for custom types)	when(() => mock.fetch(any()))
any(that: matcher)	Matches values satisfying a matcher	when(() => mock.fetch(any(that: isA<String>())))
captureAny()	Captures the argument for later inspection	verify(() => mock.save(captureAny()))

Capturing arguments for assertion:

test('passes the correct user to the repository', () async {
  when(() => repository.save(any())).thenAnswer((_) async {});

  await subject.createUser(name: 'Dash');

  final captured = verify(() => repository.save(captureAny())).captured;
  expect(captured.first, isA<User>().having((u) => u.name, 'name', 'Dash'));
});

Verification

Method	Purpose
verify(() => mock.method()).called(n)	Assert method was called exactly n times
verifyNever(() => mock.method())	Assert method was never called
verifyNoMoreInteractions(mock)	Assert no other methods were called on the mock
verifyInOrder([...])	Assert methods were called in a specific order

Registering Fallback Values

Register a fallback value for every custom type used with any() or captureAny():

setUpAll(() {
  registerFallbackValue(User(id: '', name: ''));
  registerFallbackValue(Uri.parse('https://example.com'));
});

The fallback value is only used when no stub matches — its specific field values do not matter.

Test Isolation

Principles

• Each test must pass when run individually, in any order, and in parallel
• Use --test-randomize-ordering-seed random to expose hidden dependencies
• All setup logic belongs inside group blocks, never at the main() level
• Mocks are private to the file — never import mocks from another test file

Anti-Patterns

Anti-Pattern	Problem	Correct Approach
setUp at the top level of main()	Breaks when test runner merges files for optimization	Move setUp inside a group
final dep = _MockDep(); (top-level)	Same instance shared across all tests; state leaks	Use late + setUp inside a group
class MockDep extends Mock (public)	Other test files can import and depend on it	Use class _MockDep extends Mock (private)
Static/global mutable variables	State persists across tests	Reset in setUp or avoid entirely
Tests that must run in a specific order	Fragile, fails with random ordering	Make each test fully self-contained

Common Test Patterns

Testing Async Methods

test('returns list of users from API', () async {
  when(() => apiClient.fetchUsers())
      .thenAnswer((_) async => [User(id: '1', name: 'Dash')]);

  final result = await subject.getUsers();

  expect(result, hasLength(1));
  expect(result.first.name, equals('Dash'));
});

Testing Streams

test('emits updated values when data changes', () {
  when(() => repository.watch())
      .thenAnswer((_) => Stream.fromIterable([1, 2, 3]));

  expect(
    subject.valueStream,
    emitsInOrder([1, 2, 3]),
  );
});

Testing Exceptions

test('throws $FormatException when input is invalid', () {
  expect(
    () => subject.parse('invalid'),
    throwsA(
      isA<FormatException>().having(
        (e) => e.message,
        'message',
        contains('invalid'),
      ),
    ),
  );
});

Testing with Equatable

When the class extends Equatable, assert directly with equals:

test('returns expected $User', () async {
  when(() => apiClient.fetchUser('1'))
      .thenAnswer((_) async => User(id: '1', name: 'Dash'));

  final result = await subject.getUser('1');

  expect(result, equals(User(id: '1', name: 'Dash')));
});

Testing Private Logic via Public API

Never test private methods directly. Exercise private logic through the public method that uses it:

// If _normalizeEmail is private, test it through the public createUser method:
test('normalizes email to lowercase before saving', () async {
  when(() => repository.save(any())).thenAnswer((_) async {});

  await subject.createUser(email: '[email protected]');

  final captured = verify(() => repository.save(captureAny())).captured;
  expect(captured.first.email, equals('[email protected]'));
});

Testing Callbacks

test('calls onSuccess callback when operation completes', () async {
  var callbackCalled = false;
  when(() => repository.save(any())).thenAnswer((_) async {});

  await subject.save(
    data: 'test',
    onSuccess: () => callbackCalled = true,
  );

  expect(callbackCalled, isTrue);
});

Widget Testing

Widget tests verify that Flutter widgets behave correctly — rendering the right content, responding to user interactions, and navigating as expected. They run in a simulated environment without a real device.

Standards

Rule	Details
Use testWidgets	Every widget test uses testWidgets instead of test
Prefer find.byType	Default finder; use find.text for user-visible content, find.byKey only when type/text is ambiguous
Group by behavior category	Use renders, navigates, calls [MethodName], updates as nested group names
Focus on behavior	Assert what the widget does (shows text, calls callback, navigates); use golden tests for visual appearance
Mock Blocs and Cubits	Use MockBloc/MockCubit from package:bloc_test; never provide real Blocs in widget tests

pumpApp Helper

Create a shared pumpApp helper so every widget test wraps the widget under test consistently:

// test/helpers/pump_app.dart
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart';

extension PumpApp on WidgetTester {
  Future<void> pumpApp(Widget widget) {
    return pumpWidget(
      MaterialApp(
        home: widget,
      ),
    );
  }
}

Export it from a barrel file so every test can import it with one line:

// test/helpers/helpers.dart
export 'pump_app.dart';

Usage in tests:

import '../helpers/helpers.dart';

void main() {
  group(MyWidget, () {
    testWidgets('renders greeting text', (tester) async {
      await tester.pumpApp(const MyWidget());

      expect(find.text('Hello'), findsOneWidget);
    });
  });
}

Pumping Methods

Method	When to use
pumpWidget(widget)	Initial render — builds the widget tree for the first time
pump()	Trigger a single frame rebuild (after setState, tap, etc.)
pump(Duration)	Advance time by a specific duration (animations, debounce)
pumpAndSettle()	Pump repeatedly until no pending frames — use for animations that must complete

Prefer pump() over pumpAndSettle() — pumpAndSettle can hang when infinite animations (e.g., CircularProgressIndicator) are present. Use pump() for discrete rebuilds.

Finders

Finder	Use case	Example
find.byType(T)	Find widgets by type (default choice)	find.byType(ElevatedButton)
find.text('x')	Find text content visible to users	find.text('Submit')
find.byKey(Key)	Find by explicit key (last resort)	find.byKey(Key('submit_button'))
find.byWidget(w)	Find an exact widget instance	find.byWidget(myWidget)
find.descendant(of, matching)	Scoped search within a subtree	find.descendant(of: find.byType(AppBar), matching: find.text('Title'))

Interactions

// Tap
await tester.tap(find.byType(ElevatedButton));
await tester.pump();

// Enter text
await tester.enterText(find.byType(TextField), '[email protected]');
await tester.pump();

// Drag / scroll
await tester.drag(find.byType(ListView), const Offset(0, -300));
await tester.pump();

// Long press
await tester.longPress(find.byType(ListTile));
await tester.pump();

Always call pump() (or pumpAndSettle()) after every interaction — widgets do not rebuild until a frame is triggered.

Widget Testing Anti-Patterns

Anti-Pattern	Problem	Correct Approach
Inline MaterialApp in each test	Duplicated boilerplate; inconsistent setup	Use pumpApp helper
find.byKey as default finder	Couples tests to implementation keys	Prefer find.byType or find.text
Testing padding, colors, or font sizes	Fragile; breaks on design tweaks; not behavioral	Use golden tests for visual validation
Missing pump() after interaction	Widget tree does not rebuild; assertion sees stale state	Always pump() after tap, enterText, etc.
Real Blocs in widget tests	Tests become integration tests; slow, brittle, hard to isolate	Use MockBloc/MockCubit from bloc_test

Additional Resources

• references/widget-tests.md — widget test structure and themes/localization testing
• references/golden-tests.md — golden file testing (setup, writing goldens, tagging, running/updating, anti-patterns)
• references/matchers.md — matchers quick reference
• references/configuration.md — dart_test.yaml configuration (tags, commands, platform overrides)
• references/coverage.md — coverage patterns and package/imports reference
• references/animation-testing.md — testing implicit/explicit animations, AnimatedSwitcher, page transitions, and injected controllers