seatbelt-sandboxer

macOS Seatbelt Sandbox Profiling

Generate minimally-permissioned allowlist-based Seatbelt sandbox configurations for applications.

When to Use

• User asks to "sandbox", "isolate", or "restrict" an application on macOS
• Sandboxing any macOS process that needs restricted file/network access
• Creating defense-in-depth isolation if supply chain attacks are a concern

When NOT to Use

• Linux containers (use seccomp-bpf, AppArmor, or namespaces instead)
• Windows applications
• Applications that legitimately need broad system access
• Quick one-off scripts where sandboxing overhead isn't justified

Profiling Methodology

Step 1: Identify Application Requirements

Determine what the application needs across these resource categories:

Category	Operations	Common Use Cases
File Read	file-read-data, file-read-metadata, file-read-xattr, file-test-existence, file-map-executable	Reading source files, configs, libraries
File Write	file-write-data, file-write-create, file-write-unlink, file-write-mode, file-write-xattr, file-clone, file-link	Output files, caches, temp files
Network	network-bind, network-inbound, network-outbound	Servers, API calls, package downloads
Process	process-fork, process-exec, process-exec-interpreter, process-info*, process-codesigning*	Spawning child processes, scripts
Mach IPC	mach-lookup, mach-register, mach-bootstrap, mach-task-name	System services, XPC, notifications
POSIX IPC	ipc-posix-shm*, ipc-posix-sem*	Shared memory, semaphores
Sysctl	sysctl-read, sysctl-write	Reading system info (CPU, memory)
IOKit	iokit-open, iokit-get-properties, iokit-set-properties	Hardware access, device drivers
Signals	signal	Signal handling between processes
Pseudo-TTY	pseudo-tty	Terminal emulation
System	system-fsctl, system-socket, system-audit, system-info	Low-level system calls
User Prefs	user-preference-read, user-preference-write	Reading/writing user defaults
Notifications	darwin-notification-post, distributed-notification-post	System notifications
AppleEvents	appleevent-send	Inter-app communication (AppleScript)
Camera/Mic	device-camera, device-microphone	Media capture
Dynamic Code	dynamic-code-generation	JIT compilation
NVRAM	nvram-get, nvram-set, nvram-delete	Firmware variables

For each category, determine: Needed? and Specific scope (paths, services, etc.)

If the application has multiple subcommands that perform significantly different operations, such as build and serve commands for a Javascript bundler like Webpack, do the following:

• Profile the subcommands separately
• Create separate Sandbox configurations for each subcommand
• Create a helper script that acts as a drop-in replacement for the original binary, executing the sandboxed application with the appropriate Seatbelt profile according to the subcommand passed.

Step 2: Start with Minimal Profile

Begin with deny-all and essential process operations, saved in a suitably-named Seatbelt profile file with the .sb extension.

(version 1)
(deny default)

;; Essential for any process
(allow process-exec*)
(allow process-fork)
(allow sysctl-read)

;; Metadata access (stat, readdir) - doesn't expose file contents
(allow file-read-metadata)

Step 3: Add File Read Access (Allowlist)

Use file-read-data (not file-read*) for allowlist-based reads:

(allow file-read-data
    ;; System paths (required for most runtimes)
    (subpath "/usr")
    (subpath "/bin")
    (subpath "/sbin")
    (subpath "/System")
    (subpath "/Library")
    (subpath "/opt")                    ;; Homebrew
    (subpath "/private/var")
    (subpath "/private/etc")
    (subpath "/private/tmp")
    (subpath "/dev")

    ;; Root symlinks for path resolution
    (literal "/")
    (literal "/var")
    (literal "/etc")
    (literal "/tmp")
    (literal "/private")

    ;; Application-specific config (customize as needed)
    (regex (string-append "^" (regex-quote (param "HOME")) "/\\.myapp(/.*)?$"))

    ;; Working directory
    (subpath (param "WORKING_DIR")))

Why file-read-data instead of file-read*?

• file-read* allows ALL file read operations including from any path
• file-read-data only allows reading file contents from listed paths
• Combined with file-read-metadata (allowed broadly), this gives:
  • ✅ Can stat/readdir anywhere (needed for path resolution)
  • ❌ Cannot read contents of files outside allowlist

Step 4: Add File Write Access (Restricted)

(allow file-write*
    ;; Working directory only
    (subpath (param "WORKING_DIR"))

    ;; Temp directories
    (subpath "/private/tmp")
    (subpath "/tmp")
    (subpath "/private/var/folders")

    ;; Device files for output
    (literal "/dev/null")
    (literal "/dev/tty"))

Step 5: Configure Network

Three levels of network access:

;; OPTION 1: Block all network (most restrictive - use for build tools)
(deny network*)

;; OPTION 2: Localhost only (use for dev servers, local services)
;; Bind to local ports
(allow network-bind (local tcp "*:*"))
;; Accept inbound connections
(allow network-inbound (local tcp "*:*"))
;; Outbound to localhost + DNS only
(allow network-outbound
    (literal "/private/var/run/mDNSResponder")  ;; DNS resolution
    (remote ip "localhost:*"))                   ;; localhost only

;; OPTION 3: Allow all network (least restrictive - avoid if possible)
(allow network*)

Network filter syntax:

• (local tcp "*:*") - any local TCP port
• (local tcp "*:8080") - specific local port
• (remote ip "localhost:*") - outbound to localhost only
• (remote tcp) - outbound TCP to any host
• (literal "/private/var/run/mDNSResponder") - Unix socket for DNS

Step 6: Test Iteratively

After you generate or edit the Seatbelt profile, test the functionality of the target application in the sandbox. If anything fails to work, revise the Seatbelt profile. Repeat this process iteratively until you have generated a minimally-permissioned Seatbelt file and have confirmed empirically that the application works normally when sandboxed using the Seatbelt profile you generated.

If the program requires external input to function fully (such as a Javascript bundler that needs an application to bundle), find sample inputs from well-known, ideally official sources. For instance, these example projects for the Rspack bundler: https://github.com/rstackjs/rstack-examples/tree/main/rspack/

# Test basic execution
sandbox-exec -f profile.sb -D WORKING_DIR=/path -D HOME=$HOME /bin/echo "test"

# Test the actual application
sandbox-exec -f profile.sb -D WORKING_DIR=/path -D HOME=$HOME \
  /path/to/application --args

# Test security restrictions
sandbox-exec -f profile.sb -D WORKING_DIR=/tmp -D HOME=$HOME \
  cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa
# Expected: Operation not permitted

Common failure modes:

Symptom	Cause	Fix
Exit code 134 (SIGABRT)	Sandbox violation	Check which operation is blocked
Exit code 65 + syntax error	Invalid profile syntax	Check Seatbelt syntax
ENOENT for existing files	Missing file-read-metadata	Add (allow file-read-metadata)
Process hangs	Missing IPC permissions	Add (allow mach-lookup) if needed

Seatbelt Syntax Reference

Path Filters

(subpath "/path")           ;; /path and all descendants
(literal "/path/file")      ;; Exact path only
(regex "^/path/.*\\.js$")   ;; Regex match

Parameter Substitution

(param "WORKING_DIR")                                    ;; Direct use
(subpath (param "WORKING_DIR"))                          ;; In subpath
(string-append (param "HOME") "/.config")                ;; Concatenation
(regex-quote (param "HOME"))                             ;; Escape for regex

Operations

File operations:

(allow file-read-data ...)          ;; Read file contents
(allow file-read-metadata)          ;; stat, lstat, readdir (no contents)
(allow file-read-xattr ...)         ;; Read extended attributes
(allow file-test-existence ...)     ;; Check if file exists
(allow file-map-executable ...)     ;; mmap executable (dylibs)
(allow file-write-data ...)         ;; Write to existing files
(allow file-write-create ...)       ;; Create new files
(allow file-write-unlink ...)       ;; Delete files
(allow file-write* ...)             ;; All write operations
(allow file-read* ...)              ;; All read operations (use sparingly)

Process operations:

(allow process-exec* ...)           ;; Execute binaries
(allow process-fork)                ;; Fork child processes
(allow process-info-pidinfo)        ;; Query process info
(allow signal)                      ;; Send/receive signals

Network operations:

(allow network-bind (local tcp "*:*"))              ;; Bind to any local TCP port
(allow network-bind (local tcp "*:8080"))           ;; Bind to specific port
(allow network-inbound (local tcp "*:*"))           ;; Accept TCP connections
(allow network-outbound (remote ip "localhost:*"))  ;; Outbound to localhost only
(allow network-outbound (remote tcp))               ;; Outbound TCP to any host
(allow network-outbound
    (literal "/private/var/run/mDNSResponder"))     ;; DNS via Unix socket
(allow network*)                                    ;; All network (use sparingly)
(deny network*)                                     ;; Block all network

IPC operations:

(allow mach-lookup ...)             ;; Mach IPC lookups
(allow mach-register ...)           ;; Register Mach services
(allow ipc-posix-shm* ...)          ;; POSIX shared memory
(allow ipc-posix-sem* ...)          ;; POSIX semaphores

System operations:

(allow sysctl-read)                 ;; Read system info
(allow sysctl-write ...)            ;; Modify sysctl (rare)
(allow iokit-open ...)              ;; IOKit device access
(allow pseudo-tty)                  ;; Terminal emulation
(allow dynamic-code-generation)     ;; JIT compilation
(allow user-preference-read ...)    ;; Read user defaults

Known Limitations

1. Deprecated but functional: Apple deprecated sandbox-exec but it works through macOS 14+
2. Temp directory access often required: Many applications need /tmp and /var/folders

Example: Generic CLI Application

(version 1)
(deny default)

;; Process
(allow process-exec*)
(allow process-fork)
(allow sysctl-read)

;; File metadata (path resolution)
(allow file-read-metadata)

;; File reads (allowlist)
(allow file-read-data
    (literal "/") (literal "/var") (literal "/etc") (literal "/tmp") (literal "/private")
    (subpath "/usr") (subpath "/bin") (subpath "/sbin") (subpath "/opt")
    (subpath "/System") (subpath "/Library") (subpath "/dev")
    (subpath "/private/var") (subpath "/private/etc") (subpath "/private/tmp")
    (subpath (param "WORKING_DIR")))

;; File writes (restricted)
(allow file-write*
    (subpath (param "WORKING_DIR"))
    (subpath "/private/tmp") (subpath "/tmp") (subpath "/private/var/folders")
    (literal "/dev/null") (literal "/dev/tty"))

;; Network disabled
(deny network*)

Usage:

sandbox-exec -f profile.sb \
  -D WORKING_DIR=/path/to/project \
  -D HOME=$HOME \
  /path/to/application

References

• Apple Sandbox Guide (reverse-engineered)
• sandbox-exec man page