core-ml

Core ML Skills

Combined advisory, generator, and workflow skill for integrating machine learning into Apple platform apps. Covers Core ML model integration, Vision framework image analysis, NaturalLanguage framework text processing, Create ML training, and on-device model optimization.

When This Skill Activates

Use this skill when the user:

• Wants to add ML capabilities to their app
• Needs to integrate a Core ML model (.mlmodel) into an Xcode project
• Wants to use the Vision framework for image analysis (faces, text recognition, body pose, object detection)
• Wants to use the NaturalLanguage framework for text processing (sentiment, entities, language detection)
• Needs to train a custom model with Create ML
• Wants to optimize a model for on-device use (quantization, pruning, palettization)
• Needs to choose between Core ML and Foundation Models (Apple Intelligence)
• Asks about image classification, object detection, sound classification, or tabular data prediction
• Wants real-time camera + ML processing

Decision Guide: Core ML vs Foundation Models

Before generating code, determine which framework is appropriate.

Use Foundation Models (Apple Intelligence) When:

• You need general-purpose text generation, summarization, or conversational AI
• Target is iOS 26+ / macOS 26+ (Foundation Models requires Apple Silicon + latest OS)
• The task is open-ended language understanding or generation
• You want @Generable structured output from natural language
• See apple-intelligence/foundation-models/ skill for implementation

Use Core ML When:

• You need specialized ML: image classification, object detection, sound classification, custom regression/classification
• You have a trained model (.mlmodel, .mlpackage) or plan to train one
• You need broad device support (iOS 14+ / macOS 11+)
• The task requires domain-specific predictions (medical imaging, product recognition, custom NLP)
• Performance-critical inference on Neural Engine or GPU

Use Vision Framework When (No Custom Model Needed):

• Image classification using Apple's built-in models
• Face detection and facial landmark analysis
• Text recognition (OCR) with VNRecognizeTextRequest
• Body and hand pose detection
• Barcode and QR code scanning
• Image similarity and saliency detection
• Horizon detection, rectangle detection

Use NaturalLanguage Framework When (No Custom Model Needed):

• Sentiment analysis on text
• Language identification
• Tokenization (word, sentence, paragraph boundaries)
• Named entity recognition (people, places, organizations)
• Word and sentence embeddings for similarity comparison
• Lemmatization and part-of-speech tagging

Pre-Generation Checks

1. Project Context Detection

• Check deployment target (Core ML requires iOS 11+ / macOS 10.13+; Vision requires iOS 11+; NaturalLanguage requires iOS 12+)
• Check for existing ML code or models
• Identify project structure and source file locations
• Determine if SwiftUI or UIKit/AppKit

2. Conflict Detection

Search for existing ML integration:

Glob: **/*Model*.swift, **/*Classifier*.swift, **/*Predictor*.swift, **/*.mlmodel, **/*.mlmodelc, **/*.mlpackage
Grep: "import CoreML" or "import Vision" or "import NaturalLanguage"

If found, ask user:

• Extend existing ML setup?
• Replace with new implementation?
• Add additional model/capability?

Configuration Questions

Ask user via AskUserQuestion:

1. What ML capability do you need?

   • Image classification (identify objects in photos)
   • Object detection (locate objects with bounding boxes)
   • Text analysis (sentiment, entities, language)
   • Custom Core ML model integration
   • Vision framework (OCR, faces, poses)
   • Sound classification
   • Tabular data prediction

2. Do you have a trained model, or need to train one?

   • I have a .mlmodel / .mlpackage file
   • I want to train with Create ML
   • I want to use Apple's built-in models (Vision / NaturalLanguage)

3. Performance requirements?

   • Real-time (camera feed, < 33ms per prediction)
   • Interactive (user-initiated, < 500ms acceptable)
   • Background processing (batch, latency not critical)

Core ML Model Integration

Adding a Model to Xcode

1. Drag .mlmodel or .mlpackage into Xcode project navigator
2. Xcode auto-generates a Swift class with the model name
3. The generated class provides type-safe input/output interfaces
4. Xcode compiles to .mlmodelc at build time (optimized for device)

Loading Models

// Option 1: Auto-generated class (simplest)
let model = try MyImageClassifier(configuration: MLModelConfiguration())

// Option 2: Generic MLModel loading (flexible)
let url = Bundle.main.url(forResource: "MyModel", withExtension: "mlmodelc")!
let config = MLModelConfiguration()
config.computeUnits = .all  // CPU + GPU + Neural Engine
let model = try MLModel(contentsOf: url, configuration: config)

// Option 3: Async loading (recommended for large models)
let model = try await MLModel.load(contentsOf: url, configuration: config)

Making Predictions

// Type-safe prediction with auto-generated class
let input = MyImageClassifierInput(image: pixelBuffer)
let output = try model.prediction(input: input)
print(output.classLabel)       // "cat"
print(output.classLabelProbs)  // ["cat": 0.95, "dog": 0.04, ...]

// Batch predictions
let batch = MLArrayBatchProvider(array: inputs)
let results = try model.predictions(from: batch)

Create ML Training Overview

Image Classification

• Minimum: 10 images per category; Recommended: 40+ per category
• Organize images in folders named by category
• Supports JPEG, PNG, HEIC formats
• Data augmentation applied automatically (rotation, flip, crop)
• Transfer learning from Apple's base models

Text Classification

• Training data: text samples with labels (CSV or JSON)
• Use cases: sentiment analysis, spam detection, topic classification, intent recognition
• Minimum 10 samples per class; 100+ recommended for accuracy

Tabular Classification / Regression

• Structured data in CSV or JSON
• Automatic feature engineering
• Supports: Boosted Tree, Random Forest, Linear Regression, Decision Tree

Sound Classification

• Audio files organized by category
• Environmental sounds, speech detection, music genre
• Minimum 10 samples per category at 15+ seconds each

Object Detection

• Images with bounding box annotations (JSON format)
• Outputs bounding boxes + class labels + confidence
• Minimum 30 annotated images per class; 300+ recommended

Training Approach

• Xcode Create ML App: Visual interface, drag-and-drop, no code required
• CreateML Framework: Programmatic training in Swift Playgrounds or macOS apps
• coremltools (Python): Convert models from TensorFlow, PyTorch, ONNX to Core ML format

Vision Framework Capabilities

Capability	Request Class	Custom Model Needed?
Image classification	VNClassifyImageRequest	No (built-in)
Object detection	VNDetectObjectsRequest (custom model)	Yes
Face detection	VNDetectFaceRectanglesRequest	No
Face landmarks	VNDetectFaceLandmarksRequest	No
Text recognition (OCR)	VNRecognizeTextRequest	No
Body pose	VNDetectHumanBodyPoseRequest	No
Hand pose	VNDetectHumanHandPoseRequest	No
Barcode detection	VNDetectBarcodesRequest	No
Image saliency	VNGenerateAttentionBasedSaliencyImageRequest	No
Horizon detection	VNDetectHorizonRequest	No
Rectangle detection	VNDetectRectanglesRequest	No
Image similarity	VNGenerateImageFeaturePrintRequest	No

Vision Request Pipeline

// Multiple requests on the same image
let handler = VNImageRequestHandler(cgImage: cgImage, options: [:])
try handler.perform([
    textRequest,     // OCR
    faceRequest,     // Face detection
    barcodeRequest   // Barcode scanning
])
// Each request's results are populated independently

NaturalLanguage Framework

Sentiment Analysis

Returns a score from -1.0 (negative) to +1.0 (positive):

let tagger = NLTagger(tagSchemes: [.sentimentScore])
tagger.string = "This app is amazing!"
let (tag, _) = tagger.tag(at: text.startIndex, unit: .paragraph, scheme: .sentimentScore)
// tag?.rawValue == "0.9" (positive)

Language Detection

let language = NLLanguageRecognizer.dominantLanguage(for: "Bonjour le monde")
// language == .french

Tokenization

let tokenizer = NLTokenizer(unit: .word)
tokenizer.string = "Hello, world!"
tokenizer.enumerateTokens(in: text.startIndex..<text.endIndex) { range, _ in
    print(text[range])  // "Hello" then "world"
    return true
}

Named Entity Recognition

let tagger = NLTagger(tagSchemes: [.nameType])
tagger.string = "Tim Cook visited Apple Park in Cupertino."
tagger.enumerateTags(in: text.startIndex..<text.endIndex, unit: .word, scheme: .nameType) { tag, range in
    if let tag, tag != .other {
        print("\(text[range]): \(tag.rawValue)")
        // "Tim": PersonalName, "Cook": PersonalName
        // "Apple Park": OrganizationName, "Cupertino": PlaceName
    }
    return true
}

Model Optimization

Quantization (coremltools Python)

Reduces model size by lowering numerical precision:

• Float32 to Float16: ~50% size reduction, minimal accuracy loss
• Float16 to Int8: ~50% further reduction, test accuracy carefully

import coremltools as ct
from coremltools.models.neural_network import quantization_utils

model = ct.models.MLModel("MyModel.mlmodel")

# Float16 quantization (safe default)
model_fp16 = quantization_utils.quantize_weights(model, nbits=16)
model_fp16.save("MyModel_fp16.mlmodel")

# Int8 quantization (aggressive, test accuracy)
model_int8 = quantization_utils.quantize_weights(model, nbits=8)
model_int8.save("MyModel_int8.mlmodel")

Palettization

Reduces unique weight values using k-means clustering:

from coremltools.optimize.coreml import palettize_weights, OpPalettizerConfig

config = OpPalettizerConfig(nbits=4)  # 16 unique values per tensor
model_palettized = palettize_weights(model, config)

Pruning

Removes near-zero weights (sparse model):

from coremltools.optimize.torch.pruning import MagnitudePruner, MagnitudePrunerConfig

config = MagnitudePrunerConfig(target_sparsity=0.75)  # Remove 75% of weights
pruner = MagnitudePruner(model, config)

Optimization Guidelines

• Always benchmark accuracy after optimization
• Start with Float16 (safest, best effort-to-reward ratio)
• Test on target device (Neural Engine behavior differs from GPU)
• Profile with Xcode Instruments > Core ML Performance

Performance Patterns

Compute Unit Selection

let config = MLModelConfiguration()

// Best performance — let system choose CPU, GPU, or Neural Engine
config.computeUnits = .all

// CPU only — predictable latency, no GPU/NE contention
config.computeUnits = .cpuOnly

// CPU + Neural Engine — good balance, avoids GPU contention with UI
config.computeUnits = .cpuAndNeuralEngine

// CPU + GPU — when Neural Engine unavailable
config.computeUnits = .cpuAndGPU

Async Prediction for UI Responsiveness

func classify(_ image: UIImage) async throws -> String {
    let model = try await MLModelManager.shared.model(named: "Classifier")
    // Prediction runs off main thread via structured concurrency
    let input = try MLDictionaryFeatureProvider(dictionary: ["image": image.pixelBuffer!])
    let result = try await Task.detached {
        try model.prediction(from: input)
    }.value
    return result.featureValue(for: "classLabel")?.stringValue ?? "unknown"
}

Batch Processing

// Process multiple images efficiently
let inputs = images.map { MyModelInput(image: $0.pixelBuffer!) }
let batch = MLArrayBatchProvider(array: inputs)
let results = try model.predictions(from: batch)

for i in 0..<results.count {
    let output = results.features(at: i)
    print(output.featureValue(for: "classLabel")?.stringValue ?? "")
}

Compile Model at Install Time

// Compile .mlmodel to .mlmodelc at install (not runtime)
// This is done automatically when you add .mlmodel to Xcode target
// For downloaded models, compile once and cache:
let compiledURL = try MLModel.compileModel(at: downloadedModelURL)
let permanentURL = appSupportDir.appendingPathComponent("MyModel.mlmodelc")
try FileManager.default.copyItem(at: compiledURL, to: permanentURL)

Generation Process

Step 1: Determine Capability

Based on user's answer to configuration questions, select the appropriate template(s) from templates.md.

Step 2: Generate Core Files

Capability	Files Generated
Any Core ML	MLModelManager.swift
Image classification	ImageClassifier.swift
Text analysis	TextAnalyzer.swift
Vision requests	VisionService.swift
Custom model	ModelConfig.swift + model-specific predictor
Camera + ML	CameraMLPipeline.swift

Step 3: Determine File Location

Check project structure:

• If Sources/ exists -> Sources/ML/
• If App/Services/ exists -> App/Services/ML/
• If App/ exists -> App/ML/
• Otherwise -> ML/

Output Format

After generation, provide:

Files Created

ML/
├── MLModelManager.swift        # Central model lifecycle management
├── ImageClassifier.swift       # Vision-based image classification (if needed)
├── TextAnalyzer.swift          # NaturalLanguage wrapper (if needed)
├── ModelConfig.swift           # Compute unit configuration
└── VisionService.swift         # Vision request pipeline (if needed)

Integration Steps

1. Add .mlmodel file to Xcode project (if using custom model)
2. Import the generated ML service files
3. Initialize the service in your app's dependency injection
4. Call prediction methods from your views/view models
5. Handle errors and display results

Testing

• Use known test inputs with expected outputs
• Verify confidence thresholds
• Profile prediction latency on target device
• Test graceful degradation when model unavailable

References

• patterns.md — Architecture patterns, model manager, Vision pipeline, camera + ML, testing
• templates.md — Production-ready Swift code templates for all ML capabilities
• Apple Docs: Core ML Documentation
• Apple Docs: Vision Documentation
• Apple Docs: NaturalLanguage Documentation
• Apple Docs: Create ML Documentation