exploring-llm-costs

Exploring LLM costs

PostHog attaches per-call cost metadata to every $ai_generation and $ai_embedding event at ingestion time. Every cost question reduces to an aggregation over those two event types — the interesting variation is only in how you group, filter, and compare.

This skill covers the common cost investigations: total spend, breakdowns (model, provider, user, trace, custom property), token and cache-hit analysis, regression debugging, and materializing results as insights, dashboards, or alerts.

Tools

Tool	Purpose
posthog:execute-sql	Ad-hoc HogQL for any cost aggregation — the workhorse of this skill
posthog:query-llm-traces-list	List traces with rolled-up cost, token, and error metrics
posthog:query-llm-trace	Cost breakdown of a single trace across all its events
posthog:read-data-schema	Discover which custom properties exist for breakdowns
posthog:insight-create	Materialize a cost chart as a saved insight
posthog:dashboard-create	Bundle cost insights into a dashboard
posthog:alert-create	Alert when cost crosses a threshold

Core rules

Three rules cover most of what goes wrong:

• Sum $ai_total_cost_usd for rollups, never the components. Components drop request and web-search fees. The UI's cost cells sum $ai_total_cost_usd over event IN ('$ai_generation', '$ai_embedding'); mirror that. Full schema and rationale in cost properties.
• Always include both $ai_generation and $ai_embedding in cost queries unless the project demonstrably does not use embeddings — missing them silently under-counts. $ai_trace and $ai_span carry no rollup cost; some SDK wrappers duplicate $ai_total_cost_usd onto $ai_trace so don't include it in rollups or you'll double-count.
• Always set a time range. Cost queries without one scan the full events table.

$ai_total_cost_usd is set at ingestion via one of three paths (passthrough, custom pricing, automatic lookup). When a cost looks wrong, read $ai_cost_model_source first — see cost sources for the precedence rules and a diagnostic query.

Cache-hit math depends on whether the provider reports cache tokens inclusively or exclusively of $ai_input_tokens. Always branch on the per-event $ai_cache_reporting_exclusive flag, never on provider name — see cache accounting for the exclusive-vs-inclusive formula.

distinct_id is the canonical user dimension. Customers often attach custom properties (feature, tenant_id, workflow_name) — discover them with posthog:read-data-schema before grouping. Don't guess names.

Workflow: total spend in a window

posthog:execute-sql
SELECT round(sum(toFloat(properties.$ai_total_cost_usd)), 4) AS total_cost_usd
FROM events
WHERE event IN ('$ai_generation', '$ai_embedding')
    AND timestamp >= now() - INTERVAL 30 DAY

Workflow: cost breakdowns

Every cost question is a variation of the same template — group by a dimension, aggregate $ai_total_cost_usd. See breakdown patterns for ready-to-run recipes:

• Cost over time (daily)
• Cost by model
• Cost by user (top spenders)
• Cost by trace (top expensive traces)
• Cost by custom dimension
• Cost-per-call distribution
• Input vs output vs cache economics

Workflow: inspect a single trace's cost

When the user pastes a trace URL and asks about its cost, fetch the trace and surface the per-event breakdown:

posthog:query-llm-trace
{ "traceId": "<trace_id>", "dateRange": {"date_from": "-30d"} }

Sum $ai_total_cost_usd across the returned events, grouped by span name or model, to show which step(s) drove the cost. The trace response already includes totalCost as a convenience.

Workflow: debug a cost regression

"Our LLM bill jumped — why?" is almost always one of: more calls, bigger prompts, a new model, or a change in cache-hit rate. Work through them in order — see regression debugging for the 5-step playbook.

Workflow: materialize as an insight, dashboard, or alert

After ad-hoc queries answer the question, persist them as insights, bundle into a dashboard, or wire up alerts. See materializing for ready-to-run JSON for posthog:insight-create, posthog:dashboard-create, and posthog:alert-create.

Constructing UI links

• Dashboard: https://app.posthog.com/ai-observability/dashboard
• Traces list (sort by cost): https://app.posthog.com/ai-observability/traces
• Generations list: https://app.posthog.com/ai-observability/generations
• Users list (per-user cost): https://app.posthog.com/ai-observability/users
• Single trace: https://app.posthog.com/ai-observability/traces/<trace_id>?timestamp=<url_encoded_iso>

Always surface a UI link so the user can verify visually.

Keeping this skill current

Provider reporting behavior (which tokens are inclusive vs exclusive, which costs show up where) shifts over time and can differ between SDK versions for the same provider. To avoid rot:

• Branch on event-level flags ($ai_cache_reporting_exclusive, $ai_cost_model_source) rather than hardcoded provider or model names. Those flags are ingestion's resolved answer for the specific event and are the right source of truth.
• $ai_total_cost_usd is always authoritative for rollups — prefer it over summing components, which can drift as new cost categories are added.
• For anything not covered here (new cost categories, changes to pricing lookup, provider additions), run posthog:docs-search for "calculating costs" or "AI observability" first rather than trusting a hardcoded rule in this file.
• If you find this skill contradicting the UI, trust the UI and flag the skill for an update.

Tips

• Always set a time range — cost queries without one scan the full events table
• Token, cost, model, and $ai_trace_id properties are on events — but message content ($ai_input / $ai_output_choices) lives only on the posthog.ai_events table; see the traces skill's event reference if you need content alongside cost
• Always include $ai_embedding alongside $ai_generation when summing cost; embeddings are cheap per-call but add up at scale
• Costs are written at ingestion (see Calculating LLM costs) — if $ai_total_cost_usd is missing or zero, read $ai_cost_model_source first: passthrough means the SDK supplied costs; custom means custom token prices; openrouter / manual mean automatic lookup; missing means the model wasn't matched (unusual custom model, fine-tune). Grep: countIf(properties.$ai_total_cost_usd IS NULL) per (model, source)
• Custom pricing uses per-token prices, not per-million — if a custom-priced model looks ~1M× too expensive or too cheap, that's almost always the bug
• Exclude errored calls from cost totals only when explicitly asked — providers still charge for many error modes, and including them gives the truthful bill
• For per-user totals, exclude rows where distinct_id = properties.$ai_trace_id — some SDKs default distinct_id to the trace ID when no user is set
• Cost is additive across $ai_generation + $ai_embedding events within a trace; summing on $ai_span gives zero. $ai_trace may carry $ai_total_cost_usd from some SDK wrappers — don't include it in rollups or you'll double-count. $ai_evaluation events also carry cost but are not part of the stock UI rollups; include them only when the user explicitly wants evaluation spend in the total
• Cache-hit rate depends on $ai_cache_reporting_exclusive — branch on the event-level flag rather than on provider or model name. Provider behavior and SDK versions drift; the flag is ingestion's resolved answer for that specific event
• When answering "why is X expensive?", show the cost and the token split — the user almost always wants to know whether to shrink prompts, shrink outputs, or switch models
• Before building a custom dashboard, check whether the stock /ai-observability/dashboard tiles already answer the question — re-creating them is churn
• For large tenants, materialize common cost queries as insights and reuse via insight-query; ad-hoc SQL is fine for one-offs but re-running it on every dashboard load is expensive

References

• cost properties — full property schema, total-cost rationale, event-set rules
• cost sources — how costs get set at ingestion plus a diagnostic query
• cache accounting — exclusive vs inclusive providers, cache-hit-rate formula
• breakdown patterns — SQL recipes for every common breakdown
• regression debugging — 5-step playbook for cost spikes
• materializing — insight, dashboard, and alert JSON