perf-profile

Performance is a contract with reality. Intuition about hot paths is wrong more often than right. Capture, locate, hypothesize, optimize, re-measure, prove the regression with a benchmark — then defend the win with an invariant.

When to Apply / NOT

Apply: latency or throughput SLO violation; memory pressure (RSS growth, GC churn); benchmark regression; pre-optimization scoping; cold-start vs steady-state cost split; cache locality / branch-prediction concerns.

NOT apply: defect with wrong outputs; architectural redesign; micro-optimization without budget pressure; untested code (write tests first).

Anti-patterns

• Optimize without profile: intuition-driven changes.
• Single-run benchmarks: variance dominates. Use hyperfine --warmup 3 --min-runs 10.
• Profile in debug build: optimizer-disabled binaries lie.
• Confuse flat profile with call-graph: self-time vs total-time tell different stories.
• Ignoring tail latency: p50 stays flat while p99 explodes.
• Cherry-picking the win: re-measure end-to-end.
• Allocation blind spot: CPU profiler hides GC.
• Forgetting the regression guard.

Workflow (language-neutral)

1. Define budget — restate target metric: latency p95 < X ms, throughput > Y rps, RSS < Z MB.
2. Establish baseline — run unoptimized workload under hyperfine plus profiler. Save raw artifacts.
3. Capture profile — sampled CPU profile → flamegraph; allocation profile if memory-bound; latency histogram for tail.
4. Locate hotspot — top self-time function or widest plateau. Cross-check with allocation profile.
5. Hypothesize — one falsifiable claim with predicted delta.
6. Optimize minimally — smallest change targeting the hypothesis.
7. Re-profile — capture same metric; differential flamegraph.
8. Prove the win — hyperfine 'baseline' 'optimized' --warmup 3 --min-runs 10.
9. Guard the win — add CI benchmark with regression bound.

Reading Flamegraphs

• Wide plateau on top: hot self-time function — primary target.
• Narrow towers: deep call chains — examine for over-abstraction.
• Repeated motifs: same callee under many parents — candidate for inlining or caching.
• Missing frames: rebuild with -fno-omit-frame-pointer / RUSTFLAGS=-C force-frame-pointers=yes.
• Differential flamegraph (hotspot --diff): red = added cost, blue = removed.

Parallel Tooling

Family	CPU sampling	Memory / alloc	Differential / benchmark
Systems (C/C++/Rust)	perf record + flamegraph, samply, valgrind --tool=callgrind	valgrind --tool=massif, heaptrack, dhat	hyperfine, criterion, iai-callgrind
Python	py-spy record, scalene, cProfile + snakeviz	scalene (memory mode), tracemalloc, memray	pytest-benchmark, hyperfine
Go	go tool pprof (cpu profile), runtime/pprof	go tool pprof (heap), runtime.MemStats	go test -bench -benchmem, benchstat
Java/Kotlin	async-profiler, JFR (jcmd JFR.start)	JFR allocation events, Eclipse MAT on heap dump	JMH, hyperfine
JavaScript/TypeScript	Chrome DevTools, node --prof, clinic flame	Chrome heap snapshot, clinic doctor	tinybench, mitata, hyperfine
OCaml	landmarks, magic-trace	memtrace + memtrace-viewer, Statmemprof	bechamel, core_bench, hyperfine

Use procs (not ps). Use bat -P -p -n (not cat). Use difft (not diff). Use hyperfine (not time).

Constitutional Rules

1. No optimization without a profile.
2. One hypothesis per iteration.
3. Re-measure end-to-end.
4. Variance-aware comparison with hyperfine --warmup --min-runs.
5. Guard every win in CI bench.
6. Correctness first — keep TDD green.