tmux

Tmux Session Control

Control tmux sessions for launching test/verification Claude Code sessions, sending commands, and reading output. Multi-agent safe.

Hard Rules

1. Own sessions only. Only interact with sessions YOU created this conversation. Never touch other agent-* sessions.
2. User sessions are hands-off. Sessions like claude, claude-1, shell belong to the user. Do not create, kill, send input, or modify them unless the user explicitly names one and gives permission.
3. Registry every session. Every session you create MUST be registered. Every session you kill MUST be marked closed.
4. Clean up before "done". Before reporting any task as complete, run the Cleanup recipe for every session you created.
5. Sleeps are not optional. Always wait between send-keys and capture-pane. Race conditions are silent and hard to debug.

Recipe 1: Create a Session

# 1. Generate unique name (max 40 chars)
SESSION="agent-<context>-$(openssl rand -hex 2)"

# 2. Ensure registry directory exists
mkdir -p ~/.local/share/tmux-skill

# 3. Create detached session with initial command
#    Always pass command as argument — avoids shell-ready race
tmux new-session -d -s "$SESSION" -c "<workdir>" "<command>"

# 4. Verify it was created
tmux list-sessions -F '#{session_name}' | grep -qx "$SESSION"
# If this fails: regenerate UUID suffix and retry ONCE

# 5. Register (flock prevents concurrent write corruption)
flock ~/.local/share/tmux-skill/sessions.jsonl -c \
  "echo '{\"session\":\"$SESSION\",\"created\":\"$(date -u +%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ)\",\"creator\":\"$$\",\"bead\":\"<bead-id-or-none>\",\"purpose\":\"<why>\",\"workdir\":\"<workdir>\",\"status\":\"active\"}' >> ~/.local/share/tmux-skill/sessions.jsonl"

Session naming: agent-<context>-<4-char-hex>

• <context>: bead ID, task name, or purpose (e.g., 4p8, verify-hooks)
• Only [a-zA-Z0-9_-] characters. No dots, colons, spaces.
• Examples: agent-4p8-a3f2, agent-verify-hooks-b7e1

Recipe 2: Send Input to a Session

# 1. Escape copy-mode (safe even if not in copy-mode)
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION" -X cancel 2>/dev/null || true

# 2. Send text in literal mode (prevents tmux key interpretation)
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION" -l -- "your text here"

# 3. Wait for text to be processed
sleep 0.2

# 4. Send Enter separately
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION" Enter

For multiline or long text (>400 chars):

# Write content to unique temp file
cat > "/tmp/agent-${SESSION}-input.txt" << 'CONTENT'
your multiline
content here
CONTENT

# Load into tmux buffer and paste
tmux load-buffer -b agent-buf "/tmp/agent-${SESSION}-input.txt"
tmux paste-buffer -p -d -b agent-buf -t "$SESSION"
sleep 0.2
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION" Enter

# Clean up
rm -f "/tmp/agent-${SESSION}-input.txt"

For complex shell commands (quotes, pipes, variables):

# Write command to temp script
cat > "/tmp/agent-${SESSION}-cmd.sh" << 'CMD'
echo "complex command with $VARS and | pipes"
CMD

# Send the script path (simple, no escaping needed)
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION" -l -- "bash /tmp/agent-${SESSION}-cmd.sh"
sleep 0.2
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION" Enter

# Clean up after output is captured

Special keys (no -l flag): C-c, C-d, Escape, Enter

tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION" C-c      # Ctrl+C
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION" Escape    # Escape key

Recipe 3: Read Output from a Session

# Quick check — last 20 lines
tmux capture-pane -t "$SESSION" -p | tail -20

# Deeper analysis — last 500 lines
tmux capture-pane -t "$SESSION" -p -S -500

# Full scrollback (use sparingly — can be huge)
tmux capture-pane -t "$SESSION" -p -S -

# Join wrapped lines (better for programmatic parsing)
tmux capture-pane -t "$SESSION" -p -J -S -500

IMPORTANT: After sending input, always sleep 0.3 before capturing. Output needs time to flush.

Recipe 4: Launch a Claude Code Test Session

# 1. Create session running Claude with auto-accept permissions
#    ONLY for throwaway test sessions — never for real data or shared repos
SESSION="agent-<context>-$(openssl rand -hex 2)"
mkdir -p ~/.local/share/tmux-skill
tmux new-session -d -s "$SESSION" -c "<workdir>" "claude --dangerously-skip-permissions"

# 2. Verify + register (see Recipe 1, steps 4-5)

# 3. Wait for Claude to boot
sleep 8

# 4. Check if Claude is ready
tmux capture-pane -t "$SESSION" -p | tail -10

# 5. Send a test prompt (use Recipe 2)
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION" -l -- "Your test prompt here"
sleep 0.2
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION" Enter

# 6. Wait for response, then read
sleep 10  # adjust based on expected response time
tmux capture-pane -t "$SESSION" -p -S -500

# 7. Exit Claude when done
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION" -l -- "/exit"
sleep 0.2
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION" Enter

For non-interactive verification (preferred when possible):

# No tmux needed — run Claude directly
CLAUDECODE= claude --print --output-format text "your verification prompt"

Recipe 5: Clean Up (MANDATORY Before "Done")

# For EACH session you created this conversation:

# 1. Kill the session
tmux kill-session -t "$SESSION" 2>/dev/null || true

# 2. Mark closed in registry
flock ~/.local/share/tmux-skill/sessions.jsonl -c \
  "echo '{\"session\":\"$SESSION\",\"status\":\"closed\",\"closed\":\"$(date -u +%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ)\"}' >> ~/.local/share/tmux-skill/sessions.jsonl"

# 3. Clean up temp files
rm -f /tmp/agent-${SESSION}-*.sh /tmp/agent-${SESSION}-*.txt

Recipe 6: Check for Orphaned Sessions (Housekeeping)

Run at the start of a conversation if tmux hygiene is relevant.

# 1. List all active agent sessions from registry
grep '"status":"active"' ~/.local/share/tmux-skill/sessions.jsonl 2>/dev/null | while IFS= read -r line; do
  SESSION=$(echo "$line" | grep -o '"session":"[^"]*"' | cut -d'"' -f4)

  # 2. Check if session still exists in tmux
  if ! tmux list-sessions -F '#{session_name}' 2>/dev/null | grep -qx "$SESSION"; then
    # 3. Mark as orphaned
    flock ~/.local/share/tmux-skill/sessions.jsonl -c \
      "echo '{\"session\":\"$SESSION\",\"status\":\"orphaned\",\"detected\":\"$(date -u +%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ)\"}' >> ~/.local/share/tmux-skill/sessions.jsonl"
  fi
done

Sessions active for more than 4 hours are candidates for cleanup. Registry entries older than 7 days can be purged.

Listing Sessions

# All tmux sessions (safe — read-only)
tmux list-sessions

# Just agent-managed sessions
tmux list-sessions -F '#{session_name}' | grep '^agent-'

# Check if a specific session exists (exact match)
tmux list-sessions -F '#{session_name}' | grep -qx "$SESSION"

# DO NOT use tmux has-session — it prefix-matches and hits wrong sessions

Quick Reference: Defensive Patterns

Situation	Do This
Creating a session	Pass command as arg to new-session (not send-keys after)
Sending text	Always -l flag, always separate Enter, always sleep 0.2 between
Reading output	Always sleep 0.3 after send-keys before capture-pane
Multiline text	load-buffer + paste-buffer, NOT send-keys
Complex shell commands	Write to temp file, send bash /tmp/file.sh
Before any send-keys	Cancel copy-mode: send-keys -X cancel 2>/dev/null || true
Session names	agent-<context>-<4hex>, max 40 chars, [a-zA-Z0-9_-] only
Name collision	Regenerate UUID suffix, retry once
Checking existence	list-sessions + grep -qx, never has-session
Registry writes	Always flock the JSONL file
Before claiming "done"	Kill all your sessions + update registry + delete temp files