Patterns for Kotlin coroutines and Flow: structured concurrency, Flow operators, StateFlow, SharedFlow, error handling, and testing in Android and KMP projects.
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Android 和 Kotlin Multiplatform 项目中结构化并发、基于 Flow 的响应式流和协程测试的模式。
Android 和 Kotlin Multiplatform 项目中结构化并发、基于 Flow 的响应式流和协程测试的模式。
Application
└── viewModelScope (ViewModel)
└── coroutineScope { } (结构化子作用域)
├── async { } (并发任务)
└── async { } (并发任务)
始终使用结构化并发——永远不要使用 GlobalScope:
// 错误
GlobalScope.launch { fetchData() }
// 正确——限定在 ViewModel 生命周期内
viewModelScope.launch { fetchData() }
// 正确——限定在 Composable 生命周期内
LaunchedEffect(key) { fetchData() }
使用 coroutineScope + async 进行并行工作:
suspend fun loadDashboard(): Dashboard = coroutineScope {
val items = async { itemRepository.getRecent() }
val stats = async { statsRepository.getToday() }
val profile = async { userRepository.getCurrent() }
Dashboard(
items = items.await(),
stats = stats.await(),
profile = profile.await()
)
}
当子任务失败不应取消兄弟任务时使用 supervisorScope:
suspend fun syncAll() = supervisorScope {
launch { syncItems() } // 此处失败不会取消 syncStats
launch { syncStats() }
launch { syncSettings() }
}
fun observeItems(): Flow<List<Item>> = flow {
// 每当数据库变更时重新发射
itemDao.observeAll()
.map { entities -> entities.map { it.toDomain() } }
.collect { emit(it) }
}
class DashboardViewModel(
observeProgress: ObserveUserProgressUseCase
) : ViewModel() {
val progress: StateFlow<UserProgress> = observeProgress()
.stateIn(
scope = viewModelScope,
started = SharingStarted.WhileSubscribed(5_000),
initialValue = UserProgress.EMPTY
)
}
WhileSubscribed(5_000) 在最后一个订阅者离开后保持上游活跃 5 秒——在配置变更时不重启即可存活。
val uiState: StateFlow<HomeState> = combine(
itemRepository.observeItems(),
settingsRepository.observeTheme(),
userRepository.observeProfile()
) { items, theme, profile ->
HomeState(items = items, theme = theme, profile = profile)
}.stateIn(viewModelScope, SharingStarted.WhileSubscribed(5_000), HomeState())
// 搜索输入防抖
searchQuery
.debounce(300)
.distinctUntilChanged()
.flatMapLatest { query -> repository.search(query) }
.catch { emit(emptyList()) }
.collect { results -> _state.update { it.copy(results = results) } }
// 指数退避重试
fun fetchWithRetry(): Flow<Data> = flow { emit(api.fetch()) }
.retryWhen { cause, attempt ->
if (cause is IOException && attempt < 3) {
delay(1000L * (1 shl attempt.toInt()))
true
} else {
false
}
}
class ItemListViewModel : ViewModel() {
private val _effects = MutableSharedFlow<Effect>()
val effects: SharedFlow<Effect> = _effects.asSharedFlow()
sealed interface Effect {
data class ShowSnackbar(val message: String) : Effect
data class NavigateTo(val route: String) : Effect
}
private fun deleteItem(id: String) {
viewModelScope.launch {
repository.delete(id)
_effects.emit(Effect.ShowSnackbar("项目已删除"))
}
}
}
// 在 Composable 中收集
LaunchedEffect(Unit) {
viewModel.effects.collect { effect ->
when (effect) {
is Effect.ShowSnackbar -> snackbarHostState.showSnackbar(effect.message)
is Effect.NavigateTo -> navController.navigate(effect.route)
}
}
}
// CPU 密集型工作
withContext(Dispatchers.Default) { parseJson(largePayload) }
// IO 密集型工作
withContext(Dispatchers.IO) { database.query() }
// 主线程(UI)——viewModelScope 中的默认值
withContext(Dispatchers.Main) { updateUi() }
在 KMP 中,使用 Dispatchers.Default 和 Dispatchers.Main(所有平台可用)。Dispatchers.IO 仅限 JVM/Android——在其他平台上使用 Dispatchers.Default 或通过 DI 提供。
长时间运行的循环必须检查取消:
suspend fun processItems(items: List<Item>) = coroutineScope {
for (item in items) {
ensureActive() // 如果被取消则抛出 CancellationException
process(item)
}
}
viewModelScope.launch {
try {
_state.update { it.copy(isLoading = true) }
val data = repository.fetch()
_state.update { it.copy(data = data) }
} finally {
_state.update { it.copy(isLoading = false) } // 即使取消也始终运行
}
}
@Test
fun `搜索更新项目列表`() = runTest {
val fakeRepository = FakeItemRepository().apply { emit(testItems) }
val viewModel = ItemListViewModel(GetItemsUseCase(fakeRepository))
viewModel.state.test {
assertEquals(ItemListState(), awaitItem()) // 初始值
viewModel.onSearch("query")
val loading = awaitItem()
assertTrue(loading.isLoading)
val loaded = awaitItem()
assertFalse(loaded.isLoading)
assertEquals(1, loaded.items.size)
}
}
@Test
fun `并行加载正确完成`() = runTest {
val viewModel = DashboardViewModel(
itemRepo = FakeItemRepo(),
statsRepo = FakeStatsRepo()
)
viewModel.load()
advanceUntilIdle()
val state = viewModel.state.value
assertNotNull(state.items)
assertNotNull(state.stats)
}
class FakeItemRepository : ItemRepository {
private val _items = MutableStateFlow<List<Item>>(emptyList())
override fun observeItems(): Flow<List<Item>> = _items
fun emit(items: List<Item>) { _items.value = items }
override suspend fun getItemsByCategory(category: String): Result<List<Item>> {
return Result.success(_items.value.filter { it.category == category })
}
}
GlobalScope——泄漏协程,无结构化取消init {} 中没有作用域就收集 Flow——使用 viewModelScope.launchMutableStateFlow 使用可变集合——始终使用不可变副本:_state.update { it.copy(list = it.list + newItem) }CancellationException——让它传播以实现正确取消flowOn(Dispatchers.Main) 收集——收集调度器是调用者的调度器@Composable 中没有 remember 就创建 Flow——每次重组都会重新创建 flow参见技能:compose-multiplatform-patterns 了解 Flow 在 UI 中的消费方式。
参见技能:android-clean-architecture 了解协程在各层中的位置。
npx claudepluginhub aaione/everything-claude-code-zhProvides patterns for Kotlin Coroutines and Flows: structured concurrency, StateFlow, combining flows, parallel decomposition, and testing in Android and KMP projects.
Provides Kotlin Coroutines and Flow patterns for Android/KMP: structured concurrency, StateFlow, operators, combining flows, error handling, and testing.
Provides Kotlin Coroutines and Flow patterns for structured concurrency, scopes, dispatchers, error handling, cancellation, and async operations in Android apps.